This principle of acquiring knowledge through computer simulations is used in the scientific world: we build a model of a physical or a chemical process that we are studying and then simulate it using a computer. The model is based on mathematical equations describing the process The computer allows us to view how the process unfolds with time, so we can examine whether the results of the simulation fit the real-world process. If the results fit, then we conclude that the model is good and could be used to better understand the phenomenon that we are investigating. If the computer results do not fit the real-world results, then we conclude that the model needs to be revised. Modifying the model can help us to identify errors in our understanding of the process we are studying. Since a simulation is not dangerous, we might try all sorts of models and possibilities that might even be impossible to explore in real life situations. Sometimes there are surprises during such computer simulations, and we might find that a “wild” model that we have examined actually best describes the phenomenon under investigation. Computer models give us the freedom to be creative and find explanations of reality that are otherwise hard to find.

A simple way to understand a computer simulation, a tool for performing scientific studies based on computations using a computer. You can think of computer simulations like computer games that help scientists to learn and better understand the phenomena they investigate. is to think about computer games. Think, for example, about an adventure game, in which your character walks around an environment performing various actions. For the game to look realistic, the computer must build a virtual world that behaves like the real world. For example, if you throw a ball during the game, the computer must use the appropriate physical equation (Newton’s equation of motion, in this case) in order to compute the motion of the ball and create a realistic simulation of the physical path of the ball during its motion (Figure 1). By the same principle, the computer can simulate other real-life processes, assuming we know the physical laws that govern them. In other words, not only the laws governing the motion of objects could be simulated, as we saw in the above example, but also more complex processes, such as the weather, chemical reactions, and also a variety of biological processes, such as the folding of proteins, take part in chemical reactions, digest food, etc. You can think of proteins as necklaces, composed of different types of beads, that fold into unique 3D shapes, so that each protein has its own unique folded shape.

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